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Installing and Upgrading Packages
indexterm:[RPM,installing]indexterm:[RPM,upgrading]indexterm:[packages,installing RPM]indexterm:[packages,upgrading RPM]indexterm:[RPM,file name] [application]*RPM* packages typically have file names in the following form:
package_name-version-release-operating_system-CPU_architecture.rpm
For example the `tree-1.7.0-3.{PKGOS}.x86_64.rpm` file name includes the package name (`tree`), version (`1.7.0`), release (`3`), operating system major version (`{PKGOS}`) and *CPU* architecture (`x86_64`).
Important
When installing a package, ensure it is compatible with your operating system and processor architecture. This can usually be determined by checking the package name. For example, the file name of an [application]*RPM* package compiled for the AMD64/Intel{nbsp}64 computer architectures ends with `x86_64.rpm`.
The [option]`-U` (or [option]`--upgrade`) option has two functions, it can be used to:
upgrade an existing package on the system to a newer version, or
install a package if an older version is not already installed.
The [command]#rpm -U _package.rpm_pass:attributes[{blank}]# command is therefore able to either *upgrade* or *install*, depending on the presence of an older version of _package.rpm_ on the system.
Assuming the `tree-1.7.0-3.{PKGOS}.x86_64.rpm` package is in the current directory, log in as `root` and type the following command at a shell prompt to either upgrade or install the [package]*tree* package:
~]#{nbsp}rpm -Uvh tree-1.7.0-3.{PKGOS}.x86_64.rpm
Use -Uvh for nicely-formatted RPM installs
The [option]`-v` and [option]`-h` options (which are combined with [option]`-U`) cause [application]*rpm* to print more verbose output and display a progress meter using hash signs.
If the upgrade or installation is successful, the following output is displayed:
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:tree ########################################### [100%]
Always use the -i (install) option to install new kernel packages!
[command]#rpm# provides two different options for installing packages: the aforementioned [option]`-U` option (which historically stands for *upgrade*), and the [option]`-i` option (which historically stands for *install*). Because the [option]`-U` option includes both install and upgrade functions, the use of [command]#rpm -Uvh# with all packages, *except kernel packages*, is recommended.
You should always use the [option]`-i` option to *install* a new kernel package instead of upgrading it. This is because using the [option]`-U` option to upgrade a kernel package removes the previous (older) kernel package, which could render the system unable to boot if there is a problem with the new kernel. Therefore, use the [command]#rpm -i _kernel_package_pass:attributes[{blank}]# command to install a new kernel *without replacing any older kernel packages*. For more information on installing [package]*kernel* packages, see xref:kernel-module-driver-configuration/Manually_Upgrading_the_Kernel.adoc#ch-Manually_Upgrading_the_Kernel[Manually Upgrading the Kernel].
The signature of a package is checked automatically when installing or upgrading a package. The signature confirms that the package was signed by an authorized party. If the verification of the signature fails, an error message is displayed.
If you do not have the appropriate key installed to verify the signature, the message contains the word `NOKEY`:
warning: tree-1.7.0-3.{PKGOS}.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 431d51: NOKEY
See xref:RPM.adoc#s1-check-rpm-sig[Checking Package Signatures] for more information on checking package signatures.
Replacing Already-Installed Packages
indexterm:[RPM,already installed]indexterm:[packages,RPM,already installed] If a package of the same name and version is already installed, the following output is displayed:
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
package tree-1.7.0-3.{PKGOS}.x86_64 is already installed
To install the package anyway, use the [option]`--replacepkgs` option, which tells [application]*RPM* to ignore the error:
~]#{nbsp}rpm -Uvh --replacepkgs tree-1.7.0-3.{PKGOS}.x86_64.rpm
This option is helpful if files installed from the package were deleted or if you want the original configuration files to be installed.
If you attempt an upgrade to an *older* version of a package (that is, if a newer version of the package is already installed), [application]*RPM* informs you that a newer version is already installed. To force [application]*RPM* to perform the downgrade, use the [command]#--oldpackage# option:
rpm -Uvh --oldpackage older_package.rpm

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Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:tree ########################################### [100%]
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:tree ########################################### [100%]
2 years ago
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Source string description
type: delimited block -
Flags
no-wrap, read-only
Source string location
./pages/RPM.adoc:105
String age
2 years ago
Last updated
a year ago
Source string age
2 years ago
Translation file
pot/f37/pages/RPM.pot, string 38