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                "System administrators, and in some cases users, need to perform certain tasks with administrative access. Accessing the system as the `root` user is potentially dangerous and can lead to widespread damage to the system and data. This chapter covers ways to gain administrative privileges using setuid programs such as [command]#su# and [command]#sudo#. These programs allow specific users to perform tasks which would normally be available only to the `root` user while maintaining a higher level of control and system security."
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                "See the link:++https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/7/html/Security_Guide/++[Red{nbsp}Hat Enterprise{nbsp}Linux{nbsp}7 Security Guide] for more information on administrative controls, potential dangers, and ways to prevent data loss resulting from improper use of privileged access."
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                "Vea la link:++https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/7/html/Security_Guide/++[Guía de Seguridad de Red{nbsp}Hat Enterprise{nbsp}Linux{nbsp}7] para más información sobre los controles administrativos, los peligros potenciales y las formas de evitar la pérdida de datos como resultado de un uso impropio de los accesos privilegiados."
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                "When a user executes the [command]#su# command, they are prompted for the `root` password and, after authentication, are given a `root` shell prompt."
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                "Once logged in using the [command]#su# command, the user *is* the `root` user and has absolute administrative access to the system. Note that this access is still subject to the restrictions imposed by SELinux, if it is enabled. In addition, once a user has become `root`, it is possible for them to use the [command]#su# command to change to any other user on the system without being prompted for a password."
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                "Because this program is so powerful, administrators within an organization may want to limit who has access to the command."
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                "One of the simplest ways to do this is to add users to the special administrative group called _wheel_. To do this, type the following command as `root`:"
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                "~]# usermod -a -G wheel pass:quotes[_username_]\n"
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                "You can also use the [application]*Users* settings tool to modify group memberships, as follows. Note that you need administrator privileges to perform this procedure."
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                "Press the kbd:[Super] key to enter the Activities Overview, type [command]#Users# and then press kbd:[Enter]. The [application]*Users* settings tool appears. The kbd:[Super] key appears in a variety of guises, depending on the keyboard and other hardware, but often as either the Windows or Command key, and typically to the left of the kbd:[Spacebar]."
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                "To enable making changes, click the btn:[Unlock] button, and enter a valid administrator password."
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            "source": [
                "Click a user icon in the left column to display the user's properties in the right-hand pane."
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                "Pulse un icono de usuario en la columna de la izquierda para visualizar las propiedades del usuario en el panel de la derecha."
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                "Change the Account Type from `Standard` to `Administrator`. This will add the user to the `wheel` group."
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            "source": [
                "See xref:basic-system-configuration/Managing_Users_and_Groups.adoc#s1-users-configui[Managing Users in a Graphical Environment] for more information about the [application]*Users* tool."
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                "Vea en xref:basic-system-configuration/Managing_Users_and_Groups.adoc#s1-users-configui[Administrando Usuarios en un Entorno Gráfico] más información sobre la herramienta [application]*Usuarios*."
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                "After you add the desired users to the `wheel` group, it is advisable to only allow these specific users to use the [command]#su# command. To do this, edit the PAM configuration file for [command]#su#, `/etc/pam.d/su`. Open this file in a text editor and uncomment the following line by removing the `#` character:"
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                "The `root` user is part of the `wheel` group by default."
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            "source": [
                "The sudo Command"
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            "source": [
                "The [command]#sudo# command offers another approach to giving users administrative access. When trusted users precede an administrative command with [command]#sudo#, they are prompted for *their own* password. Then, when they have been authenticated and assuming that the command is permitted, the administrative command is executed as if they were the `root` user."
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                "The basic format of the [command]#sudo# command is as follows:"
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                "[command]#sudo# _command_\n"
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                "The [command]#sudo# command allows for a high degree of flexibility. For instance, only users listed in the `/etc/sudoers` configuration file are allowed to use the [command]#sudo# command and the command is executed in *the user's* shell, not a `root` shell. This means the `root` shell can be completely disabled as shown in the link:++https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/7/html/Security_Guide/++[Red{nbsp}Hat Enterprise{nbsp}Linux{nbsp}7 Security Guide]."
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                "Each successful authentication using the [command]#sudo# command is logged to the file `/var/log/messages` and the command issued along with the issuer's user name is logged to the file `/var/log/secure`. If additional logging is required, use the `pam_tty_audit` module to enable TTY auditing for specified users by adding the following line to your `/etc/pam.d/system-auth` file:"
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                "where _pattern_ represents a comma-separated listing of users with an optional use of globs. For example, the following configuration will enable TTY auditing for the `root` user and disable it for all other users:"
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                "donde _pattern_ representa una lista separada por comas de usuarios con un uso opcional de globos. Por ejemplo, la siguiente configuración habilitará la auditoria TTY para el usuario `root` y la deshabilitará para todos los demás usuarios:"
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                "Another advantage of the [command]#sudo# command is that an administrator can allow different users access to specific commands based on their needs."
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                "Administrators wanting to edit the [command]#sudo# configuration file, `/etc/sudoers`, should use the [command]#visudo# command."
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                "To give someone full administrative privileges, type [command]#visudo# and add a line similar to the following in the user privilege specification section:"
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                "Para dar a alguien privilegios administrativos totales, teclee [command]#visudo# y añada una linea similar a la siguiente el sección de especificación de privilegio de usuario:"
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                "juan ALL=(ALL) ALL\n"
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                "There are several potential risks to keep in mind when using the [command]#sudo# command. You can avoid them by editing the `/etc/sudoers` configuration file using [command]#visudo# as described above. Leaving the `/etc/sudoers` file in its default state gives every user in the `wheel` group unlimited `root` access."
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